The Caesarean Operation in Cattle: a Review

Dystocia in cattle can be relieved by different obstetric methods, including the caesarean operation and fetotomy. Nowadays, the caesarean operation is one of the most common surgical procedures performed by veterinarians in cattle practice, and is considered as a routine obstetric technique. It has high maternal and fetal survival rates, and often is less exhausting, speedier and safer than fetotomy. There are three main goals: (1) survival of the cow; (2) survival of the calf; and (3) maintenance of fertility. A prompt decision to perform a caesarean operation is important for optimum success. Ideally, it is carried out when a live calf cannot be delivered after 15-20 minutes of manipulation. The cow is a good surgical risk, provided that the environment is suitable for aseptic abdominal surgery. The need for urgent intervention is indicated if there is evidence of fetal hypoxia, as shown by hyperactive movements of the fetus and expulsion of the meconium, identifiable in the amniotic fluid. A successful prognosis depends on several factors, such as the skill and speed of the surgeon, duration of dystocia, physical condition of the dam, surgical environment, concurrent disease, and presence of a live calf.